Hi Aspirants, welcome to upscpedia, where we delve into critical questions faced by UPSC aspirants. In this post, we analyze diverse topics, from international relations to corporate social responsibility through 8 previous years’ questions. Let’s explore ethical dimensions, evaluate perspectives, and deepen our understanding of these issues shaping the modern world.
Q.) At the international level, the bilateral relations between most nations are governed by the policy of promoting one’s national interest without any regard for the interest of other nations. This leads to conflicts and tensions between the nations. How can ethical consideration help resolve such tensions? Discuss with specific examples. (UPSC ETHICS 2015, 10 markers).
Ans.) At the international level, incorporating ethical considerations can indeed play a crucial role in mitigating conflicts and tensions arising from purely self-interested policies. Ethical approaches foster trust, cooperation, and sustainable solutions. For instance, when India takes a leading role in prioritizing environmental concerns, as seen in its commitment to the International Solar Alliance, it contributes significantly to combating climate change—a shared global challenge. Additionally, India’s ethical diplomacy, exemplified by its efforts to mediate in regional conflicts, showcases its dedication to respecting human rights and defusing tensions. The normalization of relations between India and Bangladesh, marked by resolving border disputes, illustrates India’s principled approach in fostering harmonious relations.
Furthermore, embracing ethical considerations in trade agreements can lead to fairer economic partnerships. The World Trade Organization’s dispute settlement mechanism promotes a rules-based system that curtails unilateral actions and promotes a level playing field. These instances showcase that focusing on shared values, human rights, and common global challenges can foster collaboration, thereby reducing conflicts and tensions between nations in favor of more harmonious relations.
Q.) Strength, peace, and security are considered to be the pillars of international relations. Elucidate. (UPSC ETHICS 2017, 10 markers).
Ans.) Strength, peace, and security constitute the foundation of international relations, particularly from an Indian perspective. India’s role exemplifies the significance of these pillars.
Strength, symbolized by India’s growing economy and military capabilities, allows it to engage as a responsible global player. Its rapid economic growth positions India as a vital participant in international forums like BRICS.
Peace, upheld through India’s commitment to non-violence and diplomacy, is showcased in its approach towards border disputes. India’s efforts to maintain peaceful relations with neighboring countries, such as the recent disengagement with China in Ladakh, demonstrate its dedication to regional stability.
Security, evidenced by India’s vigilance against terrorism, highlights the importance of safeguarding citizens and territories. India’s counterterrorism operations, like the surgical strikes in response to Uri attack, underline its resolve to protect national security.
In conclusion, India’s pursuit of strength, peace, and security mirrors the pillars of international relations. Its actions stand as examples of balancing these elements for global cooperation and regional stability.
Q.) Corporate social responsibility makes companies more profitable and sustainable. Analyse. (UPSC ETHICS 2017, 10 markers).
Ans.) Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a business approach where companies integrate ethical, social, and environmental concerns into their operations. Such an approach indeed has the potential to make companies more profitable and sustainable.
Firstly, CSR enhances a company’s reputation and brand image. Consumers are increasingly drawn to socially responsible businesses, leading to higher customer loyalty and increased market share. For example, companies that prioritize sustainability in their supply chains may attract environmentally conscious consumers.
Secondly, CSR can lead to cost savings. Embracing sustainable practices, like energy efficiency and waste reduction, can result in lowered operational expenses. This is exemplified by companies adopting renewable energy sources to reduce costs while benefiting the environment.
Moreover, CSR aids in risk management. Addressing social and environmental issues proactively helps companies avoid legal troubles, public backlash, and regulatory fines. By ensuring fair labor practices and responsible sourcing, businesses reduce the risk of controversies like child labor scandals.
In sum, the adoption of CSR principles aligns with evolving consumer preferences, reduces operational costs, and mitigates risks, all of which contribute to improved profitability and long-term sustainability for companies.
Q.) Increased national wealth did not result in equitable distribution of its benefits. It has created only some enclaves of modernity and prosperity for a small minority at the cost of the majority. Justify. (UPSC ETHICS 2017, 10 markers).
Ans.) The phenomenon of increased national wealth not leading to equitable distribution of its benefits can be attributed to various factors, which have resulted in the creation of pockets of modernity and prosperity for a limited few while neglecting the majority.
Firstly, economic inequality often stems from unequal access to opportunities and resources. The privileged minority has access to quality education, healthcare, and employment prospects, while the majority lacks such advantages. This disparity perpetuates a cycle of limited social mobility.
Secondly, policies that favor the affluent can exacerbate the divide. Tax breaks, subsidies, and economic policies that cater to the wealthy can widen the wealth gap. This hampers inclusive growth and results in an uneven distribution of benefits.
Additionally, corruption and lack of effective governance hinder the equitable distribution of resources. When resources meant for public welfare are siphoned off, it deprives the majority of essential services and development opportunities.
Furthermore, globalization can also contribute to uneven benefits. Certain regions and sectors thrive due to globalization, while others struggle to compete, leading to geographic and economic disparities.
In conclusion, the unequal distribution of benefits from increased national wealth can be attributed to factors like unequal access to opportunities, policy biases, corruption, and globalization. This imbalance has led to the emergence of enclaves of prosperity for a few, leaving the majority at a disadvantage.
Q.) “The will to power exists, but it can be tamed and guided by rationality and principles of moral duty.” Examine this statement in the context of international relations. (UPSC ETHICS 2020, 10 markers).
Ans.) In the context of international relations, the assertion that the “will to power exists, but it can be tamed and guided by rationality and principles of moral duty” highlights the interplay between self-interest and ethical considerations.
While nations do pursue their self-interest and exercise their power, the application of rationality and moral principles can temper their actions. Rationality prompts nations to consider the long-term consequences of their decisions, fostering cooperation over conflict. For instance, diplomatic negotiations and international agreements like the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty showcase rational efforts to mitigate power-driven confrontations.
Moreover, moral duty can guide nations to uphold human rights and adhere to international norms, promoting stability and trust. The establishment of the International Criminal Court to hold leaders accountable for atrocities exemplifies a commitment to moral principles.
However, challenges persist as realpolitik and self-interest often influence decisions. The invasion of Iraq in 2003 based on faulty intelligence demonstrates how power can overshadow moral considerations.
In conclusion, “willpower” in international relations can indeed be influenced by rationality and moral principles, resulting in collaborative efforts and ethical conduct. Yet, the complexity of global dynamics requires a continuous negotiation between self-interest and moral duty.
Q.) Discuss the role of ethics and values in enhancing the following three major components of Comprehensive National Power (CNP) viz. human capital, soft power (culture and policies), and social harmony. (UPSC ETHICS 2020, 10 markers).
Ans.) Ethics and values play a pivotal role in enhancing the components of Comprehensive National Power (CNP) – human capital, soft power, and social harmony.
• Human Capital: Ethics and values contribute significantly to the development of human capital. A workforce driven by integrity, responsibility, and a strong work ethic fosters innovation, productivity, and economic growth. Emphasis on education that imparts moral values alongside skills can produce responsible citizens who contribute positively to society. For instance, promoting honesty in educational institutions can discourage cheating and plagiarism, nurturing a skilled and principled workforce.
• Soft Power (Culture and Policies): Ethics and values underpin a nation’s soft power. Cultural exchange, diplomacy, and policies based on moral principles attract global admiration. A country that upholds human rights and social justice gains international respect. The Gandhian principles of non-violence and truth have bolstered India’s soft power globally. Ethical foreign policies, such as humanitarian aid during crises, exemplify how values shape a nation’s global image.
• Social Harmony: Ethics and values are the bedrock of social harmony. Respect for diversity, tolerance, and inclusivitleadsad to a cohesive society. Embracing ethical governance ensures equitable distribution of resources, reducing disparities and social unrest. For example, promoting religious freedom and tolerance fosters unity, as seen in countries like Canada.
In conclusion, ethics and values positively impact human capital, soft power, and social harmony. They foster responsible citizens, enhance a nation’s global influence, and create a harmonious society by promoting respect, tolerance, and equitable practices.
Q.) Russia and Ukraine war has been going on for the last seven months. Different countries have taken independent stands and actions keeping in view their national interests. We are all aware that war has an impact on the different aspects of society, including human tragedy. What are those ethical issues that are crucial to be considered while launching the war and its continuation so far? Illustrate with justification the ethical issues involved in the given state of affairs. (UPSC ETHICS 2022, 10 markers).
Ans.) The Russia-Ukraine conflict presents a complex situation with ethical dimensions that demand careful consideration from a civil servant’s perspective. Several crucial ethical issues surround launching and continuing the war:
• Just War Theory: Ethical debates about the war’s justifiability hinge on adhering to the principles of a “just war.” This involves assessing whether the use of force meets criteria like a just cause, proportionality, and last resort. The international community must deliberate whether the conflict aligns with these principles.
• Humanitarian Concerns: The ongoing conflict inevitably results in human tragedy, including displacement, loss of life, and suffering. Ethical obligations require nations to prioritize the protection of civilians and provide assistance to affected populations, even as they pursue their interests.
• National Sovereignty and Self-Determination: Respect for the sovereignty and self-determination of nations is an ethical imperative. Nations should refrain from violating another country’s territorial integrity, as well as avoid actions that infringe upon the rights of its citizens.
• International Norms and Laws: The conflict’s ethical considerations involve adherence to international norms and laws, such as the United Nations Charter and Geneva Conventions. Violations of these principles, like targeting civilians or cultural heritage sites, are morally reprehensible and should be condemned.
• Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution: Ethical leadership demands prioritizing diplomatic efforts and negotiations over military actions. Ensuring dialogue and diplomatic solutions can prevent further loss of life and mitigate human suffering.
• Global Responsibility: Nations have an ethical obligation to engage with the crisis collectively, considering the broader global impact. International cooperation and consensus are essential to resolving conflicts peacefully.
In conclusion, the Russia-Ukraine conflict raises ethical issues related to justifiability, humanitarian concerns, national sovereignty, adherence to international norms, diplomacy, and global responsibility. It is incumbent upon leaders to consider these ethical dimensions while determining their stands and actions, ensuring the welfare of citizens and international stability.
Q.) In the contemporary world, the corporate sector’s contribution to generating wealth and employment is increasing. In doing so, they are bringing in an unprecedented onslaught on the climate, environmental sustainability, and living conditions of human beings. In this background, do you think that Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is efficient and sufficient enough to fulfill the social roles and responsibilities needed in the corporate work mandated? Critically examine. (UPSC ETHICS 2022, 10 markers).
Ans.) Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a step toward addressing the negative impact of the corporate sector on society and the environment. However, its effectiveness and sufficiency in fulfilling social roles and responsibilities are subject to scrutiny.
While CSR initiatives demonstrate a commitment to social and environmental concerns, they often fall short of addressing systemic issues. Companies might engage in CSR for reputation management rather than genuine transformation. Moreover, the voluntary nature of CSR can lead to uneven efforts across industries and companies, resulting in inconsistent outcomes.
Furthermore, CSR doesn’t always align with profit motives, potentially limiting its scope and impact. For instance, a company might prioritize short-term financial gains over investing in sustainable practices.
To adequately address the challenges posed by corporate actions, a more comprehensive approach is needed. This involves stricter regulations, transparent reporting mechanisms, and aligning business strategies with sustainable development goals. Governments and international bodies must collaborate to establish a regulatory framework that enforces ethical and sustainable practices.
In conclusion, while CSR is a positive step towards fulfilling corporate social roles, it is not sufficient to address the complex challenges posed by the corporate sector. A combination of ethical regulations, responsible business strategies, and a genuine commitment to sustainability is required to ensure a meaningful contribution to society and the environment.
Good luck! Have a good day ahead.👍🤘🙂